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Trade and Investment

APEC pursues a trade and investment environment that promotes resilience and benefits for all. In support, the PSU conducts research and analysis regarding multilateral trading systems, trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, regional economic integration, and connectivity and supply chain resilience, among others. We continue to evaluate APEC initiatives in these areas and provide policy recommendations, as we assist with policies to strengthen market-driven economic integration in the region.

The Policy Support Unit has produced the following projects and publications under the economic driver of Trade and Investment:

Trade in Goods

Rules of Origin in Modern Trade Agreements – Trends and Challenges, 2026

2025 Update to Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2025

The Costs of Hidden Measures: APEC’s Experience with Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs), 2025

Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2023

Study on Non-Tariff Measures Affecting Trade in Goods Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2023

Study on Tariffs: Analysis of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Tariff Liberalization Schedules, 2022

A Review of the APEC List of Environmental Goods (Policy Brief No. 41), 2021

Promoting Trade in Vaccines and Related Supplies and Equipment (Policy Brief No. 40), 2021

The Compendium of Resources for the Facilitation of the Trade and Distribution of Legally Harvested Forest Products in the APEC Region, 2021

Promoting Trade in Medical Goods to Tackle COVID-19 Challenges (Policy Brief No. 32), 2020

Taking Forward the Lima Declaration on the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) – Study on Tariffs, 2019

NTMs in ICT Products (Policy Brief No. 18), 2017

Import Licensing Regimes: An APEC Snapshot and Considerations for their Use (Policy Brief No. 17), 2017

Trade of Fishery Products and Fisheries Subsidies in APEC (Policy Brief No. 16), 2017

Promoting Products Contributing to Sustainable and Inclusive Growth through Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation, 2015

Perceptions on the Use of Non-Tariff Measures Within the APEC Region, 2014

The APEC List of Environmental Goods (Policy Brief No. 5), 2012

A Snapshot of Current Trade Trends in Potential Environmental Goods and Services (Policy Brief No. 3), 2012

Study on Good Regulatory Practices for Goods and Services Necessary or Desirable for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, 2009

Services

2025 Update to Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2025

APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap (ASCR) Final Review, 2025

2024 Update to Monitoring Pandemic Recovery Under the APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap (ASCR), 2024

Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2023

Monitoring Pandemic Recovery Under the APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap (ASCR), 2023

Resiliency in a Post-Pandemic APEC: Approaches to Driving Growth in Digital Services (Policy Brief No. 47), 2022

APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap (ASCR) Mid-term Review, 2021

Insights on the Regulatory Environment within APEC Economies and Its Impact on Trade in Services in Food Value Chains, 2019

Financing the Food Value Chain (Policy Brief No. 22), 2018

Services and the Food System (Policy Brief No. 21), 2018

APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap Baseline Indicators, 2017

Indonesia: Structural Reform in Air Transport Service, 2017

New Zealand: Electricity Retail Services Market Reform, 2017

Japan: Financial Services Sector Reform, 2017

China: Structural Reform in the Retail Services Sector, 2017

Chinese Taipei: Telecommunications Testing and Certification Services Reform, 2017

Structural Reform and Services, 2017

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Health & Medical Services in Malaysia, 2017

APEC Economic Policy Report 2016: Structural Reform and Services, 2016

Survey of Regulatory Measures in Environmental Services, 2016

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Transport Services in Chile, 2016

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea, 2016

Report on APEC Work on Services and Baseline Indicators, 2015

Services in Global Value Chains: Manufacturing-Related Services, 2015

Services, Manufacturing and Productivity (Issues Paper No. 9), 2015

Guidebook on Trade and Supply Chain Finance, 2015

Regulatory Issues Affecting Trade and Supply Chain Finance (Issues Paper No. 8), 2014

Voluntary Standards and Regulatory Approaches in Advertising in APEC Economies (Issues Paper No. 5), 2014

Services and Manufacturing: Patterns of Linkages (Policy Brief No.10), 2014

APEC, Services, and Supply Chains - Taking Stock of Services-Related Activities in APEC (Policy Brief No. 9), 2014 

Trends in Trade Finance across the APEC Region (Issues Paper No. 4), 2013

Trade in Services in the APEC Region: Patterns, Determinants, and Policy Implications, 2010

Trade Agreements

Rules of Origin in Modern Trade Agreements – Trends and Challenges, 2026

More than Just Another Expansion: Why Does the 3rd Information Technology Agreement (ITA3) Need to Be Bold? (Policy Brief No. 64), 2024

Study on Tariffs: Analysis of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Tariff Liberalization Schedules, 2022

Trends and Developments in Provisions and Outcomes of RTA/FTAs Implemented in 2018 by APEC Economies, 2020

Taking Forward the Lima Declaration on the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) – Study on Tariffs, 2019

Trends and Developments in Provisions and Outcomes of RTA/FTAs Implemented in 2017 by APEC Economies, 2018

Trends and Developments in Provisions and Outcomes of RTA/FTAs Implemented in 2016 by APEC Economies, 2017

Trends and Developments in Provisions and Outcomes of RTA/FTAs Implemented in 2015 by APEC Economies, 2016

Trends and Developments in Provisions and Outcomes of RTA/FTAs Implemented in 2014 by APEC Economies, 2015

Expanding the Information Technology Agreement (Policy Brief No. 6), 2013

The Mutual Usefulness between APEC and TPP, 2011

Other Trade Topics

The Digital Transformation of Trade Facilitation in APEC (Policy Brief No. 70), 2026

Study on Convergences and Divergences of Free Trade Agreements in the APEC Region, 2025

Promoting the Utilization of Paperless Trade Platforms in the Post COVID-19 Era, 2025

Reframing an Unfolding Canvas: Policy Approaches to Facilitate APEC’s Creative Economy amid Evolving Digital Technologies (Policy Brief No. 61), 2024

Win, Lose or Draw: Estimating the Impact of Trade Disengagement on APEC Trade (Policy Brief No. 60), 2024

A New Look at the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP): Review of APEC’s Collective Progress, 2024

Digitalising Trade: The Role of Paperless Platforms (Policy Brief No. 59), 2024

Trade Networks amid Disruption: Promoting Resilience through Digital Trade Facilitation (Policy Brief No. 53), 2022

Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Renewed Agenda for the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) (Policy Brief No. 45), 2022

The Compendium of Resources for the Facilitation of the Trade and Distribution of Legally Harvested Forest Products in the APEC Region, 2021

Assessment of Capacity Building Needs to Support WTO Negotiation on Trade Related Aspects of E-commerce, 2020

Customs Cooperation in APEC: Strengthening Regional Cooperation, 2019

Trade Facilitation in APEC: Progress and Impact (Policy Brief No. 25), 2019

GDPR and CBPR: Reconciling Personal Data Protection and Trade, 2018

Study on Single Window Systems' International Interoperability: Key Issues for Its Implementation

Developing Indicators to Assess the Strength of Standards and Conformance (S&C) Infrastructure in APEC, 2018

Supporting Industry Promotion Policies in APEC – Synthesis Report, 2017

Supporting Industry Promotion Policies in APEC - Case Study on Mexico, 2017

Supporting Industry Promotion Policies in APEC – Case Study on Australia, 2017

Supporting Industry Promotion Policies in APEC - Case Study on Viet Nam, 2017

Facilitating Digital Trade for Inclusive Growth: Key Issues in Promoting Digital Trade in APEC (Issues Paper No. 12), 2017

Study of APEC Best Practices in Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) Programs

Trade and Economic Growth - 25 Years of a Stronger Relationship within APEC (Policy Brief No.11), 2014

Trends in Trade Finance across the APEC Region (Issues Paper No. 4), 2013

APEC's Achievements in Trade Facilitation 2007-2010 - Final Assessment of TFAPII, 2012

Aggregate Measurement of Trade Transaction Costs Reduction in APEC 2007-2010, 2011

Trade Facilitation through Customs Procedures: Assessment of APEC’s Progress, 2011

Reducing Trade Transaction Costs: Harmonization of Standards and Conformity Assessments in APEC, 2011

Reducing Business Travel Costs: The Success of APEC’s Business Mobility Initiatives, 2011

Trade Creation in the APEC Region: Measurement of the Magnitude of and Changes in Intra-regional Trade since APEC's Inception, 2009

The Global Economic Crisis: Effective Responses and Policy Strategies to Address the Human Impact, 2009

The Links Between Trade, Investment and Structural Reform, 2008 

Investment

Research and Survey on the Dispute Prevention and Mitigation System in APEC Economies, 2026

2025 Update to Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2025

Pursuing Investment Facilitation and Quality in APEC (Policy Brief No. 69), 2025

Companies’ Best Practices on Long-Term Foreign Direct Investment Within APEC Economies, 2025

APEC Investment Experts’ Group (IEG) Workshop on Best Practices for Long-Term Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Workshop Summary Report, 2025

Evaluating Progress on the Aotearoa Plan of Action: Trade and Investment Perspective, 2023

Review of the APEC Investment Facilitation Action Plan (IFAP): Forging a Stronger Recovery, 2023

The FDI Network, Global Value Chain Participation and Economic Upgrading (Policy Brief No. 46), 2022

Do Public Capital Investments have an Impact on Economic Growth? (Policy Brief No. 29), 2020

Facilitating Investment in APEC: Improving the Investment Climate through Good Governance, 2019

ISDS as an Instrument for Investment Promotion and Facilitation (Policy Brief No. 28), 2019

IFAP Implementation to Facilitate FDI in APEC: Updates in 2016, 2017

IFAP Implementation in Facilitating Investment for the Asia Pacific Region: 2014 Update, 2015

Recent FDI Trends in the APEC Region, 2012

IFAP Implementation in Facilitating Investment for the Asia Pacific Region, 2013

Measuring Progress in Implementing APEC's IFAP: Establishing a Methodology and Selecting Key Performance Indicators, 2009

Cross-border Investment Linkages among APEC Economies: The Case of Portfolio Investment and Bank Lending, 2009

Cross-border Investment Linkages among APEC Economies: The Case of Foreign Direct Investment, 2009

The Links Between Trade, Investment and Structural Reform, 2008

Connectivity Blueprint

Peer Review and Capacity Building on APEC Infrastructure Development and Investment: Chile, 2024

Enhancing Implementation of APEC Connectivity Blueprint in the Digital Era: Digital Connectivity for Stronger Recovery, 2022

Peer Review and Capacity Building on APEC Infrastructure Development and Investment: Papua New Guinea, 2021

APEC Connectivity Blueprint: The 2020 Mid-Term Review

Peer Review and Capacity Building on APEC Infrastructure Development and Investment: Indonesia, 2019

Case Studies on Addressing Connectivity Challenges in APEC Economies, 2018

Peer Review and Capacity Building on APEC Infrastructure Development and Investment: Viet Nam, 2018

Peer Review and Capacity Building on APEC Infrastructure Development and Investment: The Philippines, 2017

APEC Connectivity Blueprint, 2014

Report to Implement the APEC Connectivity Blueprint, 2014

Outcome Report: Symposium on APEC Connectivity Blueprint, 2014

Improving Connectivity in the Asia Pacific Region: Perspectives of the APEC Policy Support Unit, 2013

Supply Chain Connectivity

APEC Supply Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan 2022–2026 (SCFAP III): Mid-term Review, 2024

Measuring Progress on the Supply Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan (SCFAP III) 2022–2026: Indicators and Policy Practices, 2023

A Decade of Supply Chain Initiatives: Opportunities and Challenges in Post-COVID-19 Recovery (Policy Brief No. 42), 2022

Final Review of the APEC Supply-Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan 2017-2020 (SCFAP-II), 2021

APEC Supply-Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan 2017-2020: Interim Review of External Indicators, 2019

Study on Single Window Systems' International Interoperability: Key Issues for Its Implementation, 2018

Review of External Indicators to Monitor Progress for the APEC Supply-Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan (SCFAP) II, 2017

Study on the Application of Global Data Standards for APEC Supply Chain Connectivity (Phase 2), 2017

Study on the Application of Global Data Standards for APEC Supply Chain Connectivity (Phase 1), 2017

APEC Supply Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan 2010-2015: Final Assessment, 2016

Guidebook on Trade and Supply Chain Finance, 2015

2014 External Indicators Update for the Supply Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan, 2014

Regulatory Issues Affecting Trade and Supply Chain Finance (Issues Paper No. 8), 2014

The 2013 Interim Assessment for Supply Chain Connectivity Framework Action Plan, 2013

Economic Impact of Submarine Cable Disruptions, 2013

Outcome Report: Symposium on Supply-chain Connectivity Measurement Framework, 2012

The Economic Impact of Enhanced Multimodal Connectivity in the APEC Region, 2010

A Results-oriented Approach to APEC's Supply Chain Connectivity Initiative, 2009

Logistics: Connectivity for Goods and Services, 2009

Global Supply, Value and Production Chains

Unlocking the Upstreamness Benefits in Global Value Chains (Policy Brief No. 63), 2024

Helping Businesses Build and Maintain Open, Secure and Resilient Supply Chains, 2024

Digital Technology and Global Integration: Opportunities for Innovative Growth (Policy Brief No. 49), 2022

The FDI Network, Global Value Chain Participation and Economic Upgrading (Policy Brief No. 46), 2022

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Health & Medical Services in Malaysia, 2017

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Transport Services in Chile, 2016

Case Study on the Role of Services Trade in Global Value Chains: Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea, 2016

Services in Global Value Chains: Manufacturing-Related Services, 2015

Services, Manufacturing and Productivity (Issues Paper No. 9), 2015

Services and Manufacturing: Patterns of Linkages (Policy Brief No.10), 2014

Integrating SMEs into Global Value Chains: Policy Principles and Best Practices (Issues Paper No. 6), 2014

APEC, Services, and Supply Chains - Taking Stock of Services-Related Activities in APEC (Policy Brief No. 9), 2014

Global Supply Chain Operation in the APEC Region: Case Study of the Electrical and Electronics Industry, 2013

SMEs’ Participation in Global Production Chains, (Issues Paper No. 3), 2013

Concepts and Trends in Global Supply, Global Value and Global Production Chains (Issues Paper No. 1), 2012

Value Chain Resilience

Research on How Economies Can Help Businesses Build and Maintain Open, Secure and Resilient Supply Chains, 2023

Trade Networks amid Disruption: Promoting Resilience through Digital Trade Facilitation (Policy Brief No. 53), 2022

Managing Risks in Global Value Chains: Strengthening Resilience in the APEC Region (Policy Brief No. 37), 2020

Value Chain Resilience in the Asia Pacific: A Synthesis Report, 2015

Enhanced Resiliency of Cross-Border Value Chains: Impact Evaluation for the Asia-Pacific, 2014

Evaluation of Value Chain Connectedness in the APEC Region, 2014

Quantitative Analysis of Value Chain Strength in the APEC Region, 2014

Quantitative Analysis on Value Chain Risks in the APEC Region, 2014

Bogor Goals

APEC's Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2020

Final Review of APEC’s Progress Towards the Bogor Goals, 2020

APEC's Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2019

APEC's Bogor Goals Progress Report, 2018

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2018

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2017

Second-Term Review of APEC's Progress towards the Bogor Goals: APEC Region, 2016

Second-Term Review of APEC's Progress towards the Bogor Goals: Progress by Economy, 2016

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2016

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2015

APEC’s Bogor Goals Progress Report, 2014

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2014

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2013

APEC’s Bogor Goals Progress Report, 2012

APEC’s Bogor Goals Dashboard, 2012

Progressing towards the APEC Bogor Goals Perspectives of the APEC Policy Support Unit, 2010

Other Topics

Asia Region Funds Passport - A Study of Potential Economic Benefits and Costs, 2014

Sovereign Debt Challenges in the Euro Area: Implications for APEC (Policy Brief No. 2), 2011

The Global Economic Crisis: Effective Responses and Policy Strategies to Address the Human Impact, 2009